I.

Introduction

East India Company, any of a number of commercial enterprises formed in western Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries to further trade with the East Indies. The companies, which had varying degrees of governmental support, grew out of the associations of merchant adventurers who voyaged to the East Indies following the discovery in 1498 of the Cape of Good Hope route by the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama. The most important companies were given charters by their respective governments, authorizing them to acquire territory wherever they could and to exercise in the acquired territory various functions of government, including legislation, the issue of currency, the negotiation of treaties, the waging of war, and the administration of justice. The most notable companies were the following.